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Fundus Fluorescein Angiography

Eye Care ≈ ¥200-500 (≈ $30-70) 30 min

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Description

Estimated cost for Fundus Fluorescein Angiography at general public hospitals in China is about ¥140-400, and at Grade 3A hospitals about ¥200-500, varying by hospital tier and region.

Main Uses

FFA is primarily used to evaluate retinal and choroidal vascular anatomy and pathology. Key clinical applications include: diagnosing and staging diabetic retinopathy (identifying ischemia, neovascularization, macular edema); detecting choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in age-related macular degeneration; assessing retinal vascular occlusions (artery/vein); evaluating inflammatory conditions (e.g., posterior uveitis, sarcoidosis); guiding laser photocoagulation or anti-VEGF therapy planning; monitoring treatment response; and differentiating optic nerve head anomalies (e.g., papilledema vs. optic disc drusen).

Normal Range

FFA is a qualitative, dynamic imaging test—not a quantitative assay—so it has no numerical 'normal range' or standardized reference values. Normal findings include: (1) uniform, rapid filling of retinal arteries within 10–12 seconds after injection; (2) complete venous filling by 15–18 seconds; (3) no leakage, staining, or blockage of vessels; (4) intact foveal avascular zone (FAZ); (5) absence of abnormal neovascularization or hyperfluorescence. Timing and morphology are assessed visually by trained ophthalmologists using standardized angiographic phases (arm-to-retina time, arterial, capillary, venous, late phases).

Low Values - Possible Causes

Low or absent fluorescence in FFA is not due to 'low values' but reflects hypofluorescence—caused by: (1) vascular occlusion (e.g., central/branch retinal artery occlusion); (2) capillary non-perfusion (e.g., in diabetic retinopathy or retinal vein occlusion); (3) pigment or hemorrhage blocking fluorescence (e.g., subretinal hemorrhage, dense drusen, RPE hyperplasia); (4) choroidal hypoperfusion (e.g., in severe hypertension or vasospasm); (5) technical factors (e.g., under-dosing of dye, poor image acquisition, or patient motion).

High Values - Possible Causes

Hyperfluorescence in FFA—appearing as abnormally increased or persistent fluorescence—is caused by: (1) leakage from damaged retinal/choroidal vessels (e.g., diabetic macular edema, uveitis); (2) pooling of dye in fluid-filled spaces (e.g., serous retinal detachment, cystoid macular edema); (3) staining of tissues with retained dye (e.g., optic disc edema, drusen, chronic CNV); (4) abnormal neovascularization (e.g., proliferative diabetic retinopathy, wet AMD); (5) window defects due to RPE atrophy (e.g., geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration).

fundus fluorescein angiography retinal vascular imaging diabetic retinopathy diagnosis

≈ ¥200-500

≈ $30-70

Duration: 30 min